OJPR Home

2021 - Volume 5 - Number 1

Concerns About own Security Among Police Officers in Relation to Some Demographic Factors

Emelina Valentinova Zaimova – Tsaneva * emelina_z@swu.bg * ORCID: 0000-0001-6659-0347 * ResearcherID: V-2964-2018
South-West University“Neofit Rilski”, Department of Psychology, Blagoevgrad, BULGARIA

Open Journal for Psychological Research, 2021, 5(1), 21-30 * https://doi.org/10.32591/coas.ojpr.0501.03021z
Received: 7 July 2021 ▪ Accepted: 28 August 2021 ▪ Published Online: 10 September 2021

LICENCE: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

ARTICLE (Full Text - PDF)

ABSTRACT:
The research demonstrates that working in the field of civil security is a stressful and dangerous occupation which determinates negative impact on police officers’ experienced level of own security, which grows into concerns about own security. The examination of concerns about own security included 264 police officers (Mean=36.11). Women have higher values of concerns about their own security (Mean=38.86), than men (Mean=34.67). Police officers who lived in the capital have higher concerns about own security (MR=149.10). The correlation analysis shows a weak proportional relationship between age and concerns about own security among police officers (r=0.146; p=0.018).

KEY WORDS: Concerns, security, fear of crime, police officers.

CORRESPONDING AUTHOR:
Emelina Valentinova Zaimova – Tsaneva, South-West University “Neofit Rilski”, Department of Psychology, Blagoevgrad, BULGARIA. E-mail: emelina_z@swu.bg

REFERENCES:

Agolla, J. E. (2009). Occupational stress among police officers. The case of Botswana police service, Research Journal of Business Management, 2(1), 25-35.

American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5®). American Psychiatric Pub.

Beck, A. T., & Clark, D. A. (1997). An information processing model of anxiety: Automatic and strategic processes. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35(1), 49-58.

Borkovec, T. D. (1994). The nature, functions, and origins of worry. In G. C. L. Davey & F. Tallis (Eds.), Wiley series in clinical psychology. Worrying: Perspectives on theory, assessment and treatment (pp. 5-33). John Wiley & Sons.

Borkovec, T. D., Ray, W. J., & Stöber, J. (1998). Worry: A cognitive phenomenon intimately linked to affective, physiological, and interpersonal behavioral processes. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 22(6), 561-576. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1018790003416

Braungart, M., Braungart, R., & Hoyer, W. (1980). Age, sex, and social factors in fear of crime. Sociological Focus, 13(1), 55-66. Retrieved July 5, 2021.

Button, M. (1999). Private security and its contribution to policing: under-researched, under-utilised and underestimated. International Journal of Police Science & Management, 2(2), 103-116.

Clemente, F., & Kleiman, M. (1977). Fear of Crime in the United States: A Multivariate Analysis. Social Forces, 56(2), 519-531. https://doi.org/10.2307/2577738

Covington, J., & Taylor, R. (1991). Fear of Crime in Urban Residential Neighborhoods: Implications of Between- and Within-Neighborhood Sources for Current Models. The Sociological Quarterly, 32(2), 231-249.

Fisher, B. S., & Sloan III, J. J. (2003). Unraveling the fear of victimization among college women: Is the “shadow of sexual assault hypothesis” supported? Justice Quarterly, 20(3), 633-659.

Flouri, E., & Panourgia, C. (2014). Negative automatic thoughts and emotional and behavioural problems in adolescence. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 19(1), 46-51.

Folkman, S. (1984). Personal control and stress and coping processes: a theoretical analysis. Journal of personality and social psychology, 46(4), 839.

Franklin, C. A., & Franklin, T. W. (2009). Predicting fear of crime: Considering differences across gender. Feminist Criminology, 4(1), 83-106.

Galanis, P., Fragkou, D., Kaitelidou, D., Kalokairinou, A., & Katsoulas, T. A. (2019). Risk factors for occupational stress among Greek police officers. Policing: An International Journal, 42(4), 506-519.

Ganchevski, B., Gaydarov, K., Stamenkova, N., Zanev, S. (1996). Police psychology. Theoretical aspects [Politseyska psihologia. Teoretichni aspekti]. Sofia: Svyat i nauka.

Gordon, M., & Riger, S. (1991). The female fear: The social cost of rape. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.

Greve, W., Leipold, B., & Kappes, C. (2018). Fear of crime in old age: a sample case of resilience? The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 73(7), 1224-1232.

Hale, C. (1996). Fear of crime: A review of the literature. International review of Victimology, 4(2), 79-150.

Husain, W. (2019). Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Among Urban and Rural Police Officers. Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, 1-5.

Johnson O., Russo C., Papazoglou K. (2019). Job exposure & occupational challenges: the importance of mindfulness for today’s law enforcement professional. Crisis Stress Hum. Resil. Int. J. 1, 187-191.

LaGrange, R. L., & Ferraro, K. F. (1989). Assessing age and gender differences in perceived risk and fear of crime. Criminology, 27(4), 697-720.

Lazarus, R. S. (1991). Emotion and adaptation. Oxford University Press.

Madriz, E. (1997). Images of criminals and victims: A study on women’s fear and social control. Gender and Society, 11(3), 342-356. Retrieved June 29, 2021, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/190406.

Maran D., Varetto A., Zedda M., Ieraci V. (2015). Occupational stress, anxiety and coping strategies in police officers. Occup. Med. 65, 466-473. https://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqv060

Maslow, A. H. (1943). A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review, 50, 370-396.

Maslow, A. H. (1987). Motivation and personality (3rd ed.). Harper & Row Publishers.

Murray, H. (1981). Endeavors in psychology: Selections from the personology of Henry Murray. New York: Harper and Row.

Queirós, C., Passos, F., Bártolo, A., Marques, A. J., da Silva, C. F., & Pereira, A. (2020). Burnout and stress measurement in police officers: literature review and a study with the operational police stress questionnaire. Frontiers in psychology, 11.

Radoslavova, M., & Velichkov, A. (2005). Metodi za psihodiagnostika [Methods for psychodiagnostics]. Pandora prim.

Roemer, L., & Borkovec, T. D. (1993). Worry: Unwanted cognitive activity that controls unwanted somatic experience. In D. M. Wegner & J. W. Pennebaker (Eds.), Handbook of mental control (pp. 220-238). Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Segerstrom, S. C., Tsao, J. C., Alden, L. E., & Craske, M. G. (2000). Worry and rumination: Repetitive thought as a concomitant and predictor of negative mood. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 24(6), 671-688.

Spielberger, C. D. (Ed.). (2013). Anxiety and behavior. Academic Press.

Toffler, A. (2002). Shok budushhego [Future shock]. Moscow: AST.

Ustinova, L. G., & Sultanova, M. V. (2018). [Lichnaya professionalynaya bezopasnosty sotrudnikov OVD: struktura i soderzhanie]. Mir nauki, kulyturы, obrazovania, (2 (69)).437-439.

VandenBos, G. R. (Ed.). (2015). APA dictionary of psychology (2nd ed.). American Psychological Association.

Velichkov, A. (2004). Personal security in the big city. Socio-psychological aspects [Lichnata sigurnost v golemia grad. Sotsialnopsihologichni aspekti]. Sofia: Albatros.

Wagner, S., White, N., Matthews, L. R., Randall, C., Regehr, C., White, M., ... & Fyfe, T. (2019). Depression and anxiety in policework: a systematic review. Policing: An International Journal.

Wells, A. (2004). A cognitive model of GAD. Generalized anxiety disorder: Advances in research and practice, 164-186.

Wendt, A. (1992). Anarchy is what states make of it: The social construction of power politics. International Organization, 46(2), 391-425. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818300027764

Wilcox, P., Jordan, C. E., & Pritchard, A. J. (2006). Fear of acquaintance versus stranger rape as a “master status”: Towards refinement of the “shadow of sexual assault”. Violence and Victims, 21(3), 355-370.

Zhong, C., & Lijuan, A. (2004). Developing of security questionnaire and its reliability and validity. Chinese Mental Health Journal, 18(2), 97-99.

Zotova, O. Y., & Karapetyan, L. V. (2018) Psychological security as the foundation of personal psychological wellbeing (analytical review). Psychol. Russ. State Art 2018, 11, 100-113.