COAS
Center for Open Access in Science (COAS)
OPEN JOURNAL FOR EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH (OJER)

ISSN (Online) 2560-5313 * ojer@centerprode.com

OJER Home

2022 - Volume 6 - Number 1


Examining the Efficacy of Pre-Service Training for Enlisted Professional Military Education Instructors During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Jason Keys * jasonkeys33@gmail.com * ORCID: 0000-0002-6947-8083
University of Louisiana Monroe, School of Education, Monroe, UNITED STATES

Demetrius N. Booth * demetrius.Booth@icloud.com
Liberty University, Lynchburg, UNITED STATES

Patricia R. Maggard * patricia.maggard@us.af.mil
Air University, Barnes Center for Enlisted Education, Montgomery, UNITED STATES

Open Journal for Educational Research, 2022, 6(1), 1-18 * https://doi.org/10.32591/coas.ojer.0601.01001k
Received: 17 December 2021 ▪ Revised: 19 April 2022 ▪ Accepted: 27 April 2022

LICENCE: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

ARTICLE (Full Text - PDF)


ABSTRACT:
U.S. Air Force enlisted professional military education shifted traditionally in-person leadership interventions online due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Air Force guidance stated that pre-service faculty training focused on in-person instruction was sufficient for teaching online and that instructors did not require training that included online teaching strategies. This study was conducted to examine the efficacy of pre-service training for military leadership instructors teaching online. Utilizing a conceptual framework of teacher self-efficacy, locus of control theory, and social-cognitive theory, this research examined the experiences of four instructors who graduated pre-service training focused on in-person instruction and taught online directly thereafter. Analyzing data from interviews, observations, and student surveys, results indicated the pre-service training, coupled with the participants' military supervisory background, adequately prepared participants to teach online. Future studies should examine a larger sample size of instructors to identify trends and patterns within the professional military education instructor community.

KEY WORDS: EPME, PME, leadership training, teaching efficacy, Air Force.

CORRESPONDING AUTHOR:
Jason Keys, MS Ed, University of Louisiana Monroe, School of Education, Monroe, USA. E-mail: keysj@warhawks.ulm.edu.


REFERENCES:

Achhnani, B., & Amareliya, A. (2020). Locus of control of school teachers. J Manag Res Anal, 7(1), 40-45. https://doi.org/10.18231/j.jmra.2020.009

Ahluwalia, A. K., & Preet, K. (2018). Work motivation, organizational commitment and locus of control vis-a-vis work experience amongst university teachers. Samvad14, 26-33. Retrieved 22 October 2020, from http://samvad.sibmpune.edu.in/index.php/samvad/article/view/118113.

Air University (2020). Taking a virtual approach to ALS. Air Education and Training Command. Retrieved 1 December, 2020 from https://www.dm.af.mil/Media/Article-View/Article/2193662/taking-a-virtual-approach-to-als/.

Air University (2020a). Enlisted Professional Military Educator Instructor’s Course. Air Education and Training command. Retrieved 1 December, 2020 from https://www.airuniversity.af.edu/Barnes/EPMEIC.

Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological review84(2), 191. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.84.2.191

Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

Bangari, R. S. (2014). Establishing a framework of transformational grassroots military leadership: Lessons from high-intensity, high-risk operational environments. Vikalpa39(3), 13-34. https://doi.org/10.1177/0256090920140302

Barnes Center for Enlisted Education (2018, November 2). Barnes center instruction 36-2301. Department of the Air Force.

Barnes Center For Enlisted Education. (2020, May 5). 2020-2022 Strategic plan. Department of the Air Force. Retrieved 2 October 2020 from https://www.airuniversity.af.edu/Portals/10/Barnes/documents/2020-2022%20Barnes%20Center%20Strat%20Plan_(5%20May%2020).pdf.

Bernhardt, V. L. (2018). Data analysis for continuous school improvement (4th Ed.). New York, NY: Routledge.

Carter, N., Bryant-Lukosius, D., DiCenso, A., Blythe, J., & Neville, A., J. (2014). The use of triangulation in qualitative research. Oncology Nursing Forum, 41, 545-547. https://doi.org/10.1188/14.ONF.545.547

Community College of the Air Force (2017). Policies, procedures, and guidelines. Montgomery, AL: Air University Press.

Creswell, J.W. (2009). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (3rd edition). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Culbert, A. (2018). EPMEIC: Teaching those who educate. Retrieved 1 October 2020 from https://www.maxwell.af.mil/News/Display/Article/1527393/epmeic-teaching-those-who-educate/.

Department of the Air Force (2018, 26 March). SDI 8T000/8T100 professional military education career field education and training plan. Retrieved 4 October 2020 from https://static.e-publishing.af.mil/production/1/af_a1/publication/cfetp8t000/cfetp8t000.pdf.

Eddy, C. L., Huang, F. L., Cohen, D. R., Baker, K. M., Edwards, K. D., Herman, K. C., & Reinke, W. M. (2020). Does Teacher Emotional Exhaustion and Efficacy Predict Student Discipline Sanctions? School Psychology Review, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/2372966X.2020.1733340

Guba, E., & Lincoln, Y. (1989). Fourth generation evaluation. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.

Harrison, H., Birks, M., Franklin, R., & Mills, J. (2017, January). Case study research: Foundations and methodological orientations. In Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung/Forum: Qualitative Social Research (Vol. 18, No. 1). http://dx.doi.org/10.17169/fqs-18.1.2655

Hoover, L. E. (2017). An unfinished Journey. Retrieved 10 October 2018, from http://static.dma.mil/usaf/cmsaf50/UnfinishedJourney.html.

Karkoulian, S., Srour, J., & Sinan, T. (2016). A gender perspective on work-life balance, perceived stress, and locus of control. Journal of Business Research, 69(11), 4918-4923. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2016.04.053

Keys, J. (2021). Teaching efficacy of US Air Force enlisted professional military educators during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Military Studies. https://sciendo.com/pdf/10.2478/jms-2021-0002.

Kingery, R. (2020). Virtually there: Barnes Center graduates first virtual class. Retrieved 4 October 2020 from https://www.aetc.af.mil/News/Article/2183845/virtually-there-barnes-center-graduates-first-virtual-class/

Merriam, S. B. (1998). Qualitative research and case study applications in education (2nd ed.). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass Publishers.

Merriam, S. B., & Tisdell, E. J. (2015). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation (4th ed.). Jossey-Bass.

Michel, J. S., Kotrba, L. M., Mitchelson, J. K., Clark, M. A., & Baltes, B. B. (2011). Antecedents of work–family conflict: A meta analytic review. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 32(5), 689-725.  https://doi.org/10.1002/job.695

Moon, M. D. (2019). Triangulation: A method to increase validity, reliability, and legitimation in clinical research. Journal of Emergency Nursing45(1), 103-105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jen.2018.11.004

Moser, A., & Korstjens, I. (2018). Series: Practical guidance to qualitative research. Part 3: Sampling, data collection and analysis. European Journal of General Practice24(1), 9-18. https://doi.org/10.1080/13814788.2017.1375091

Ng, T. W., Sorensen, K. L., & Eby, L. T. (2006). Locus of control at work: A meta‐analysis. Journal of Organizational Behavior: The International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Behavior27(8), 1057-1087. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.416

Ngah, N., Ahmad, A., & Baba, M. (2009). The mediating effect of work–family conflict on the relationship between locus of control and job satisfaction. Journal of Social Sciences, 5(4), 348-354.Retrieved 22 October 2020 from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265548881_The_Mediating_Effect_of_Work-Family_Conflict_on_the_Relationship_Between_Locus_of_Control_and_Job_Satisfaction.

O’Neil, B. D. (2020). Servant leadership curriculum in professional military education: A qualitative study (Order No. 27831692). Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses A&I. (2390145528). Retrieved from https://search-proquest-com.ulm.idm.oclc.org/docview/2390145528?accountid=26268.

Patton, M. Q. (2014). Qualitative research & evaluation methods: Integrating theory and practice. Sage publications.

Polit, D. F., & Beck, C. T. (2008). Nursing research: Generating and assessing evidence for nursing practice. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Rivera, L., & Shufelt, J. (2016). Developing strategic thinking in the NCO Corps of 2025. US Army War College. Retrieved 1 October 2020 from https://publications.armywarcollege.edu/pubs/925.pdf.

Robinia, K. A., & Anderson, M. L. (2010). Online teaching efficacy of nurse faculty. Journal of Professional Nursing, 26, 168-175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.profnurs.2010.02.006

Rotter, J. (1996). Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement. Psychological Monographs, 80, 1-28. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0092976

Schunk, D. H. (1989). Social cognitive theory and self-regulated learning. In Self-regulated learning and academic achievement (pp. 83-110). Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3618-4_4

Schunk, D. H. (2012). Social cognitive theory. In K. R. Harris, S. Graham, T. Urdan, C. B. McCormick, G. M. Sinatra & J. Sweller (Eds.), APA handbooks in psychology®. APA educational psychology handbook, Vol. 1. Theories, constructs, and critical issues (p. 101-123). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/13273-005

Schunk, D. H., & DiBenedetto, M. K. (2020). Motivation and social cognitive theory. Contemporary Educational Psychology60, 101832. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2019.101832

Schunk, D. H., & Usher, E. L. (2019). Social cognitive theory and motivation. In R. M. Ryan (Ed.), Oxford library of psychology. The Oxford handbook of human motivation (p. 13-27). Oxford University Press.

Skaalvik, E., & Skaalvik, S., (2007). Dimensions of teacher self-efficacy and relation with strain factors, perceived collective teacher self-efficacy, and teacher burnout. Journal of Educational Psychology, 99(3), 611-625. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.99.3.611

Skaalvik, E. M., & Skaalvik, S. (2019). Teacher Self-Efficacy and Collective Teacher Efficacy: Relations with Perceived Job Resources and Job Demands, Feeling of Belonging, and Teacher Engagement. Creative Education10(7), 1400-1424. https://doi.org/10.4236/ce.2019.107104

Smidt, W., Kammermeyer, G., Roux, S., Theisen, C., & Weber, C. (2018). Career success of preschool teachers in Germany – the significance of the Big Five personality traits, locus of control, and occupational self-efficacy. Early Child Development and Care, 188(10), 1340-1353. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430.2017.1314275

Stephanou, G., Gkavras, G., & Doulkeridou, M. (2013). The role of teachers’ self-and collective-efficacy beliefs on their job satisfaction and experienced emotions in school. Psychology4(03), 268. Retrieved 22 October 2020 from https://www.scirp.org/html/29237.html.

Thomas N. Barnes Center for Enlisted Education. (2020, 6 May). Thomas N. Barnes Center for Enlisted Education. Retrieved 4 October 2020 from https://www.airuniversity.af.edu/Barnes/.

Tschannen-Moran, M., & Hoy, A. W. (2001). Teacher efficacy: Capturing an elusive construct. Teaching and Teacher Education, 17(7), 783-805. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0742-051X(01)00036-1

Tschannen-Moran, M., Hoy, A. W., & Hoy, W. K. (1998). Teacher efficacy: Its meaning and measure. Review of Educational Research, 68, 202-248. https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543068002202

Yin, R. (2014). Case study research: Design and methods. Los Angeles, CA: Sage.

Zhang, S., & Liu, Q. (2019). Investigating the relationships among teachers’ motivational beliefs, motivational regulation, and their learning engagement in online professional learning communities. Computers & Education134, 145-155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2019.02.013

© Center for Open Access in Science